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<p>Welcome to today’s Chemistry tutorial from <strong>AllCBTs</strong>, where we simplify science for exam success. Our topic today is <strong>"Atoms"</strong> — the building blocks of all matter. If you're preparing for NECO, WAEC, or JAMB 2025, this lesson is a must-read!</p>
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<p>You can watch the full class in the video below:</p>
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NEaQQCvardE
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<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-are-atoms">What are Atoms?</h2>
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<p>Atoms are the <strong>smallest indivisible particles</strong> of an element. They form the basic unit of matter. Everything around us — air, water, ruler, books, your phone — is made up of <strong>matter</strong>, and the smallest part of matter is called an <strong>atom</strong>.</p>
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<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-definition-of-atom">Definition of Atom:</h3>
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<p><strong>An atom is the smallest indivisible particle of an element that cannot be further divided chemically.</strong></p>
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<p>Atoms combine to form <strong>molecules</strong>, and both atoms and molecules are fundamental constituents of matter.</p>
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<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-constituents-of-an-atom-the-three-subatomic-particles">Constituents of an Atom: The Three Subatomic Particles</h2>
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<p>An atom is made up of three main <strong>subatomic particles</strong>:</p>
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<li><strong>Proton</strong></li>
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<li><strong>Neutron</strong></li>
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<li><strong>Electron</strong></li>
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<p>These sub-particles determine the atom’s behavior, charge, and how it bonds with other atoms.</p>
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<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-structure-of-the-atom-atomic-structure">Structure of the Atom (Atomic Structure)</h2>
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<p>Atoms are not just random blobs — they have a <strong>defined structure</strong>:</p>
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<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-1-nucleus-center-of-the-atom">1. <strong>Nucleus</strong> (Center of the atom)</h3>
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<li>Contains <strong>protons</strong> and <strong>neutrons</strong></li>
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<li>Protons are <strong>positively charged</strong></li>
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<li>Neutrons carry <strong>no charge</strong> (neutral)</li>
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<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-2-electron-shells-orbitals">2. <strong>Electron Shells (Orbitals)</strong></h3>
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<li>Surround the nucleus</li>
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<li>Contain <strong>negatively charged electrons</strong></li>
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<li>Electrons revolve around the nucleus in specific paths called <strong>orbitals</strong></li>
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<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-charges-and-masses-of-atomic-particles">Charges and Masses of Atomic Particles</h2>
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<figure class="wp-block-table"><table class="has-fixed-layout"><thead><tr><th>Particle</th><th>Charge</th><th>Mass (Relative)</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Proton</td><td>+1 (positive)</td><td>1 unit</td></tr><tr><td>Electron</td><td>-1 (negative)</td><td>1/1840 unit</td></tr><tr><td>Neutron</td><td>0 (neutral)</td><td>1 unit</td></tr></tbody></table></figure>
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<p><strong>Note:</strong><br>The number of protons is <strong>equal</strong> to the number of electrons in a neutral atom. This makes the atom <strong>electrically neutral</strong>.</p>
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<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-protons-and-electrons-must-balance">Why Protons and Electrons Must Balance</h2>
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<li><strong>Protons</strong> are positive, <strong>electrons</strong> are negative.</li>
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<li>In every neutral atom, the number of protons = number of electrons.</li>
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<li>This balance neutralizes the atom and gives it <strong>electrical stability</strong>.</li>
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<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-example">Example:</h3>
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<p>If an atom has <strong>6 protons</strong>, it must also have <strong>6 electrons</strong>.</p>
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<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-about-molecules">What About Molecules?</h2>
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<p>A <strong>molecule</strong> is a <strong>group of atoms chemically bonded together</strong>.</p>
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<li>It is the <strong>smallest unit</strong> of a compound that retains its chemical properties.</li>
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<li>Examples:<!-- wp:list -->
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<li>H₂O (water) = 2 Hydrogen atoms + 1 Oxygen atom</li>
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<li>CO₂ = 1 Carbon + 2 Oxygen</li>
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<p><mark style="background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)" class="has-inline-color has-vivid-cyan-blue-color"><strong>Watch more educational videos and past questions:</strong> </mark><a href="https://youtube.com/@allcbts">https://youtube.com/@allcbts</a></p>
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<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-summary">Summary</h2>
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<li><strong>Atoms</strong> are the smallest unit of matter.</li>
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<li>They are made up of <strong>protons, neutrons, and electrons</strong>.</li>
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<li>Atoms have a <strong>central nucleus</strong> with orbiting electrons.</li>
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<li>A molecule is a <strong>group of atoms bonded together</strong>.</li>
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<li>Understanding atomic structure is fundamental in Chemistry and Physics.</li>
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<p><strong><mark style="background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)" class="has-inline-color has-vivid-cyan-blue-color">Related Videos:</mark></strong></p>
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<ul class="wp-block-list"><!-- wp:list-item -->
<li><a href="https://allcbts.com/understanding-waves-and-properties-in-physics/">Understanding Waves and Properties in Physics</a></li>
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<li><a href="https://allcbts.com/neco-mathematics-2025-past-questions/">NECO Mathematics 2025 Past Questions</a></li>
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<li><a href="https://allcbts.com/nabteb-mathematics-may-june-exam-prep/">NABTEB Mathematics May/June Exam Prep</a></li>
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<li><a href="https://allcbts.com/national-common-entrance-mathematics-2025/">National Common Entrance Mathematics 2025</a></li>
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<li><a href="https://allcbts.com/introduction-to-mechanics-in-physics/">Introduction to Mechanics in Physics</a></li>
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<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-keywords">Keywords</h2>
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<p><strong>#AtomsInChemistry, #NECO2025Chemistry, #WAEC2025Science, #StructureOfAtom, #ChemistryTutorials, #ProtonElectronNeutron, #AtomicStructureExplained, #AllCBTs, #JAMB2025Prep, #MoleculeVsAtom, #ChemistryForBeginners</strong></p>
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